Izinhlobo zepulasitiki enqubweni yokubumba ye-thermoplastic, ngenxa yokushintshwa kwevolumu okubangelwa i-crystallization, ingcindezi yangaphakathi eqinile, ingcindezi enkulu eyinsalela eqandisiwe engxenyeni yepulasitiki, ukuma okuqinile kwamangqamuzana nezinye izici, uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki we-thermosetting, izinga lokuncipha likhulu, ububanzi bokuncipha bubanzi, futhi ukuqondiswa kuyabonakala. Ukwengeza, ukushwabana Ukuncipha ngemva kokuhoxiswa kwe-anneal noma ukwelashwa kokulawula ukuswakama ngokuvamile kukhulu kunaleyo yamapulasitiki e-thermosetting.

Lapho ingxenye yepulasitiki ibunjwa, into encibilikisiwe ithinta ingaphezulu lembotshana, futhi ungqimba olungaphandle luyaphola ngokushesha lube igobolondo eliqinile elinokuminyana kancane. Ngenxa yokungaphatheki kahle okushisayo kwepulasitiki, ungqimba lwangaphakathi lwezingxenye zepulasitiki luphola kancane ukuze lwenze ungqimba oluqinile olunokuminyana okukhulu nokuncipha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukushuba kodonga, ukupholisa kancane kanye nokuqina kongqimba oluphezulu kuncipha kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokufakwayo, ukwakheka kanye nenani lokufakwayo kuthinta ngokuqondile isiqondiso sokugeleza kwezinto, ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu kanye nokumelana nokuncipha, ngakho izici zezingxenye zepulasitiki zinomthelela omkhulu kusayizi wokuncipha kanye nesiqondiso.
Ifomu, usayizi nokusabalalisa kwe-feed inlet kuthinta ngokuqondile isiqondiso sokugeleza kwezinto, ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu, ukugcinwa kwengcindezi kanye nomthelela wokudla kanye nesikhathi sokwakheka. Uma ingxenye yembobo yokuphakelayo eqondile kanye nembobo yokuphakelayo inkulu (ikakhulukazi uma ingxenye iwugqinsi), ukuncipha kuncane kodwa ukuqondiswa kukhulu, futhi uma ububanzi nobude bembobo yokuphakelayo kukufushane, ukuqondiswa kuncane. . Uma iseduze nembobo yokuphakelayo noma ihambisana nesiqondiso sokugeleza kokubalulekile, ukuncipha kukhulu.
Izimo zokubumba: izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesikhunta, ukupholisa kancane kwezinto ezincibilikisiwe, ukuminyana okuphezulu kanye nokuncipha okukhulu. Ikakhulukazi nge-crystalline material, ukuncipha kukhulu ngenxa ye-crystallinity ephezulu kanye nokushintsha kwevolumu enkulu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa kwesikhunta nakho kuhlobene nokupholisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwezingxenye zepulasitiki kanye nokufana kokuqina, okuthinta ngokuqondile ubukhulu kanye nesiqondiso sokuncipha kwengxenye ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubamba ingcindezi nesikhathi nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekufinyezeni. Labo abanomfutho ophezulu kanye nesikhathi eside banokufinyela okuncane kodwa ukuqondiswa okukhulu.
Ingcindezi yomjovo iphezulu, umehluko we-viscosity wezinto ezincibilikisiwe mncane, ukucindezelwa kwe-interlayer shear kuncane, futhi i-elastic rebound ngemuva kokudilizwa inkulu, ngakho-ke ukuncipha kungancishiswa ngokufanele. Izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo liphezulu, i-shrinkage inkulu, kodwa isiqondiso sincane. Ngakho-ke, ukuncipha kwezingxenye zepulasitiki nakho kungashintshwa ngokufanele ngokulungisa izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi, isivinini somjovo kanye nesikhathi sokupholisa.
Ngesikhathi sokuklama isikhunta, izinga lokuncipha kwengxenye ngayinye yengxenye yepulasitiki lizonqunywa ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho ngokusho kobubanzi bokuncipha kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene, ukushuba kodonga kanye nokuma kwezingxenye zepulasitiki, ifomu, usayizi nokusatshalaliswa kwe-feed inlet, bese kuba umgodi. usayizi uzobalwa. Ezingxenyeni zepulasitiki ezinemba kakhulu nalapho kunzima ukwazi kahle ukushwabana, izindlela ezilandelayo kufanele zisetshenziswe ukuklama isikhunta:
① Ifomu, usayizi nezimo zokwakha zesistimu yokugenca kunqunywa ukuhlolwa kwesikhunta.
② Ukushintshwa kosayizi wezingxenye zepulasitiki ezizophathwa kuzonqunywa ngemuva kokwelashwa (isilinganiso kufanele sibe amahora angama-24 ngemuva kokudilizwa).
③ Lungisa idayi ngokuya ngokuncipha kwangempela.
④ Zama isikhunta futhi, futhi ushintshe izimo zenqubo ngokufanele, futhi uguqule kancane inani lokuncipha ukuze lihlangabezane nezimfuneko zezingxenye zepulasitiki.
I-fluidity ye-thermoplastics ingahlaziywa ngokujwayelekile kusukela ochungechungeni lwezinkomba ezifana nesisindo samangqamuzana, inkomba ye-ncibilika, ubude bokugeleza kwe-Archimedean spiral, i-viscosity ebonakalayo kanye nesilinganiso sokugeleza (ubude benqubo / ingxenye yepulasitiki yodonga).
Uma isisindo samangqamuzana sisincane, ukusabalalisa kwesisindo samangqamuzana kubanzi, ukujwayela kwesakhiwo samangqamuzana kukubi, inkomba yokuncibilika iphezulu, ubude bokugeleza kwesikulufu bude, i-viscosity ebonakalayo incane, futhi isilinganiso sokugeleza sikhulu, ukumanzi kuhle. Kumapulasitiki anegama elifanayo lomkhiqizo, imiyalelo kufanele ihlolwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi uketshezi lwawo lukufanele yini ukubunjwa komjovo. Ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokuklama isikhunta, uketshezi lwamapulasitiki avamile lungahlukaniswa cishe izigaba ezintathu:
① I-fluidity enhle PA, PE , i-PS, PP, CA, i-poly (4) i-methylene:
② Ama-resin e-polystyrene ane-fluidity ephakathi nendawo (njenge-ABS, njenge), i-PMMA, i-POM ne-polyphenylene ether;
③ I-PC ye-fluidity ebuthakathaka, i-PVC eqinile, i-polyphenylene ether, i-polysulfone, i-fluoroplastics.
I-fluidity yamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene nayo iyashintsha ngenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukene zokubumba. Izici eziyinhloko ezinomthelela zimi kanje:
① Uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu, uketshezi luyakhuphuka, kodwa amapulasitiki ahlukene nawo anomehluko. I-fluidity ye-PS (ikakhulukazi labo abanokumelana nomthelela omkhulu kanye nenani le-MFR), i-PP, i-PA, i-PMMA, i-polystyrene eguquliwe (njenge-ABS, njenge), i-PC, i-Ca namanye amapulasitiki ashintsha kakhulu ngokushisa. Ku-PE, i-POM kanye, nokwenyuka noma ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa kunomphumela omncane ku-fluidity yabo. Ngakho-ke, owokuqala kufanele ulungise izinga lokushisa ukuze ulawule uketshezi.
② Ngokukhuphuka kwengcindezi yomjovo, izinto ezincibilikisiwe zizogundwa kakhulu futhi uketshezi luzokhuphuka, ikakhulukazi i-PE ne-POM zizwela kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukucindezela komjovo kufanele kulungiswe ukuze kulawulwe uketshezi ngesikhathi sokubunjwa.
③ Isakhiwo sesikhunta, ifomu lesistimu yokungena, usayizi, isakhiwo, idizayini yesistimu yokupholisa, ukumelana nokugeleza kwempahla encibilikisiwe (njengokuqedwa kwendawo, ukushuba kwesigaba sesiteshi, ukuma kwe-cavity, isistimu yokukhipha umoya) nezinye izici ezithinta ngokuqondile uketshezi lwangempela lwento encibilikisiwe umgodi. Uma into encibilikisiwe itshelwa ukuthi inciphise izinga lokushisa futhi ikhulise ukumelana ne-fluidity, uketshezi luzoncishiswa.
Isakhiwo esinengqondo kufanele sikhethwe ngokuya nge-fluidity yepulasitiki esetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwesikhunta. Ngesikhathi sokubunjwa, izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, ingcindezi yomjovo, isivinini somjovo nezinye izici zingabuye zilawulwe ukuze kulungiswe kahle isimo sokugcwalisa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokubumba.
Ama-crystalline thermoplastics angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki acwebile namapulasitiki amorphous (owaziwa nangokuthi ama-amorphous). Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi i-crystallization phenomenon kuyisimo sokuthi ama-molecule ahamba ngokuzimela futhi ngokuphelele esimweni esiphazamisekile ukusuka esimweni sokuncibilika kuya esimweni sokufingqa samapulasitiki, futhi abe yinto yokuthi ama-molecule ayeke ukuhamba ngokukhululeka, acindezele indawo engaguquki. ukuthambekela kokwenza ukuhlelwa kwamangqamuzana kube imodeli evamile.
Njengendinganiso yokubukeka yokwahlulela lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamapulasitiki, inganqunywa ngokusobala kwezingxenye zepulasitiki eziwugqinsi zamapulasitiki. Ngokuvamile, izinto zekristalu ziyi-opaque noma i-translucent (njenge-POM), futhi izinto ezi-amorphous ziyabonakala (njenge-PMMA). Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile. Isibonelo, i-poly (4) i-methylene iyipulasitiki ecwebezelayo enokukhanya okuphezulu, futhi i-ABS iyinto e-amorphous kodwa engabonisi ngale.
Izidingo ezilandelayo nezixwayiso zamapulasitiki ekristalu kufanele ziqashelwe ngesikhathi sokuklanywa kwesikhunta nokukhetha umshini wokubumba umjovo:
① Ukushisa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka ukuze izinga lokushisa lempahla lenyuke lifinyelele ezingeni lokushisa elidala, ngakho-ke okokusebenza okunamandla amakhulu okwenza ipulasitiki kufanele kusetshenziswe.
② Ukushisa okukhishwe ngesikhathi sokupholisa nokugaywa kabusha kukhulu, ngakho kufanele kupholiswe ngokuphelele.
③ Umehluko othize wamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwesimo esincibilikisiwe nesimo esiqinile mkhulu, ukushwabana okubumbayo kukhulu, futhi ukuncipha kanye ne-porosity kulula ukwenzeka.
④ Ukupholisa okusheshayo, ubucwebe obuphansi, ukushwabana okuncane nokucaca okuphezulu. I-crystallinity ihlobene nokuqina kodonga lwengxenye yepulasitiki. Ukuqina kodonga kunezinzuzo zokupholisa kancane, i-crystallinity ephezulu, ukuncipha okukhulu kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta se-crystalline material kufanele lilawulwe njengoba kudingeka.
⑤ I-anisotropy ebalulekile nokucindezeleka okukhulu kwangaphakathi. Ngemuva kokudilizwa, ama-molecule angewona amakristalu avame ukuqhubeka nokucwebezela, asesimweni sokungalingani kwamandla, futhi athambekele ekuguqukeni nasekwenzeni impi.
⑥ Ibanga lezinga lokushisa elicwebezelayo lincane, futhi kulula ukujova into engancibiliki efashini noma uvimbe indawo yokuphakelayo.
Ukuzwela ukushisa kusho ukuthambekela kokushintsha kombala, ukuwohloka kanye nokubola kwamanye amapulasitiki azwela kakhulu ukushisa. Uma zishiswa isikhathi eside ekushiseni okuphezulu noma isigaba se-inlet feed sincane kakhulu futhi umphumela we-shear mkhulu, izinga lokushisa lempahla liyakhula. Amapulasitiki analesi sici abizwa ngokuthi amapulasitiki azwela ukushisa.
Okufana ne-PVC eqinile, i-polyvinylidene chloride, i-vinyl acetate copolymer, i-POM, i-polytrichlorethylene fluoride, njll. Amapulasitiki azwelayo ashisayo akhiqiza i-monomer, igesi, okuqinile neminye imikhiqizo ngesikhathi sokubola, ikakhulukazi amanye amagesi okubola anokuvuselela, ukugqwala noma ubuthi emzimbeni womuntu, imishini kanye nezibunjwa. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuklama isikhunta, ukukhethwa komshini wokubumba umjovo nokubumba. Umshini wokubumba umjovo wesikulufu kufanele ukhethwe. Ingxenye yesistimu yokugenca kufanele ibe nkulu. Isikhunta kanye nomgqomo kufanele kufakwe i-chrome ngaphandle kokuma kwe-angular. Izinga lokushisa lokubumba kufanele lilawulwe ngokuqinile futhi i-stabilizer kufanele yengezwe epulasitiki ukwenza buthaka ukuzwela kwayo okushisayo.
Ngisho noma amanye amapulasitiki (afana ne-PC) aqukethe inani elincane lamanzi, azobola ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela okukhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi i-hydrolysis elula, okumele ishiswe futhi yomiswe kusengaphambili.
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